Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

---

Abstract

Farmers cultivate lands, and they supply people’s needs particularly the food they eat. Before the emergence of modern technology, farmers relied on indigenous knowledge that was translated into their farming practices. Also, reviewed literature revealed a dearth of studies on the beliefs, practices, and rituals of tobacco and corn farmers. In such context, this study aimed to explore such indigenous knowledge in tobacco and corn farming among farmers in Santiago, Ilocos Sur. In this study, the researchers used ethnomethodology, and interviewed 14 farmers. The cool and warm analyses of the interview transcripts identified the kannawidantipanagatalon which is translated as heritage of farming. This Ilokano phrase is used to describe the beliefs, practices, and rituals that were handed down to corn and tobacco farmers from their forefathers. Pammatitikabos (belief in full moon) and pammatitilinned (belief in new moon) are their identified beliefs; panagusarti sabot (using coconut shell) as dipper, panagusarti (use of) dingwen (animal), arado (using plow) and palpal (a farming equipment that is being used to break large soil particles), ken (and) panagusarti kayo ngaasad (using dibbler) are their farming practices. In addition, panag-atang (offering foods to drive away bad spirits with a prayer) is their identified farming ritual. Clearly, tobacco and corn farming are still guided by their beliefs, practices, and rituals that they find useful in making a profitable farming activity. As such, the identified indigenous knowledge remains intact despite the advent of modern farming.

Full Article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56901/ZPWO7100

References

ADMIN (2016).The weirdest farming superstitions and customs.Retrieved on April 3, 2022   from https://radium.co.za/the-weirdest-farming-superstitions-and-customs.s

Agamerica Lending (2022).The harvest moon and its connection to agriculture.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://agamerica.com/blog/harvest-moon-connection-agriculture.

Allen, M. (2017).The sage encyclopedia of communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. 1(4) doi: 10.4135

Ali, Y., AlKafy, A., Rahaman, Z.A., Islam, F., Rahman, R., Ara, I., Akhtar, M., &Javed, A. (2022).Comparative occupational health risk between tobacco and paddy farming people in Bangladesh.Elsevier, 2:1-6.

Aluko (2018) Women's use of indigenous knowledge for environmental security and sustainable development in Southwest Nigeria.            https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/53js8?_s=gcvz9PoudslG2dBd0DYT%2Fdo%2BTok%3D

All Thing Good the Green Grocer Blog (2018). Are you as superstitious as a farmer? Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://blog.wggmarket.com/blog/are-you-as-superstitious-as-a-farmer?.

A matter of taste. (2021). Lunar phase gardening. Retrieved on June 7, 2022 from https://www.amatteroftaste.com/life/lunar-gardening?fbclid=IwAR1vjDwdp1jFELIdxQGGgOsCbUMSitwdARcgMzGh7V87obC6HefA3pzgF7E

Appau, A., Drope, J., Goma, F., Magati, P., Labonte, R., Makoka, D., Zulu, R., Li, Q., & Lencucha R. (2020). Explaining why farmers grow tobacco: evidence from Malawi, Kenya, and Zambia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(12):2238-2245. DOI: 10.1093.

Appau, A., Drope, J., & Lencucha, R. (2019). Why do farmers grow tobacco? Aqualitative exploration of farmers’ perspectives in Indonesia and Philippines.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13): 2330-2341.

Aruta, J.J.B.R. (2018). One Dance, Different Moves: A Qualitative Study on Filipino Counselor Educators’ Pedagogy.Retrieved on May 4, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327020280_One_Dance_Different_Moves_A_Qualitative_Study_on_Filipino_Counselor_Educators'_Pedagogy.

Ash, D. (2021).What is the spacing for planting corn. Retrieved on April 3, 2022from https://plantsneedco2.org.

Ayaa et al. (2016) Role of indigenous knowledge systems in the conservation of the bio-physical environment among the Teso community in Busia County-Kenya.          Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from  file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/148001-Article%20Text-390168-1-10-20161116.pdf

Backeberget al. (2017) Indigenous knowledge systems and climate change in      Africa.   Retrieved on April 6,2022 fromhttps://books.google.com.ph/books'

BAFPSDA.(2018). Good agricultural practices.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from www.bafsps.da.gov.ph.

Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, (2016).Dry land soil. Retrieved on June 8, 2022 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/dryland-soil

Birt E., et al. (2016), Member checking: A Tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation. Retrieved on April 8, 2022 from  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340178/.

Blog of Wisdom (2018).How to use corn in 7 magical ways. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.blog.wisdomproducts.com/index.php/2018/07/04-use-corn-7-magical-ways/

Boeckmann, C. (2022) Planting, growing, and harvesting sweet corn.Retrieved on  April 4, 2022. https://www.almanac.com/plant/corn.

Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards. (2018)Thecurrent state, challenges and plans for Philippine agriculture. Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/500.

Brokenleg, I. &Tornes, E. (2020).Walking toward the sacred: Our Great tobacco story.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.glitc.org/2020/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/tobacco-booklet-web-.pdf.

Business mirror.(2018). Small-scale corn farmers’ misfortunes.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://businessmirror.com.ph/.

Camacho (2016) Indigenous knowledge and practices for the sustainable management of Ifugao forests in Cordillera, Philippines. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from           https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453?needAccess=true.

Canadian Lung Association. (2018). Respectingtobacco: Ceremonial vs commercial tobacco use. Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.lung.ca/blog/respecting-tobacco-ceremonial-vs-commercial-tobacco-use?.

Celtic Farm. (2020). My New Favorite Tool: The garden dibber/dibbler. Retrieved on June 7, 2022 from https://www.thecelticfarm.com/just-what-is-a-garden-dibber-or-dibbler/

Chavas, J.P.  &Fahad, S. (2018).Corn Productivity: The role of management and biotechnology.IntechOpen.

 Clark, J. (2018). Some Philippine agricultural superstitions mirror agroforestry efforts.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 fromhttps://www.agriculture.com.ph/2018/10/31/some-philippine-agriculturalsuperstitions-mirror-agroforestry-efforts.

Cojti, A., Gomez, C. & Lopez, B.M.J. (2019).United in tradition as peoples of the          corn.Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://www.culturalsurvival.org.publications/culturalsurvival-quarterly/united-tradition-peoples-corn.

Colen, L., Gomez y Paloma, S., Latacz-Lohmann, U., Lefebvre, M., Préget, R. &Thoyer, S. (2016). Economic experiments as a tool for agricultural policy evaluation: Insights from the European CAP. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienned’agroeconomie, 64(4): 667–694.

Conrow, J. (2021). Filipino farmers reap economic benefits from GMO corn, study finds. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2021/07/filipino-farmersreap-economic-benefits-from-gmo-corn-study-finds/

Cullen, P., Dupraz, P., Moran, J., Murphy, P., O’Flaherty, R., O’Donoghue, C., O’Shea, R. & Ryan, M. (2018).Agri-environment scheme design: past lessons and future suggestions. EuroChoices.DOI:/10.1111/1746-692X.12187.

Cultifort (2020).Good farming practices. Retrieved on May 3, 2022 from https://www.cultifort.com/en/good-farming-practices-crop-perspective/

Dessart, F.J. & van Bavel, R. (2017). Two converging paths: behavioural sciences and social marketing for better policies. Journal of Social Marketing,7(4): 355–365. DOI: /10.1108/JSOCM-04-2017-0027.

Dill, S. (2021).Formulate a farm strategy. Retrieved on May 05,2022 from https://extension.umd.edu.

Eat Better Move More Organization. (2020). I guess I was wrong: The truth about the health benefits of tobacco leaves.Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://eatbettermovemore.org.

Eden Brothers.(2022). How to plant corn seeds.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from https://www.edenbrothers.com.

European Commission. (2018c). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the council establishing rules on support for strategic plans to be drawn up by member states under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP Strategic Plans). Retrieved from           https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2018percent3A392percent3AFIN

Equipment Trader (2020). Farming superstitions you need to know. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.equipmenttrader.com/blog/2020/09/16/13-farming-superstitions-you-need-to-know.

European Commission.(2018d). Special Eurobarometer 473 – Europeans, agriculture and the CAP. Brussels. Retrieved on April 5,2022 from http://ec.europa.eu.

Ezeamalu, B. (2017). Experts warns on dangers of tobacco farming.     Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://www.premiumtimesng.com.

Filipino Eyes (2021).The cow plough.Retrieved on July 13, 2022. https://filipinoeyes.wordpress.com/2021/05/01/the-cow-plough/

Filipino farmers reap economic benefits from GMO corn, study finds. Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2021/07/filipino-farmers-reap-economic-benefits-from-gmo-corn-study-finds.

Fin, L. (2019).Best management practices for corn-after-corn production.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2019/07/24/best-management-practices-for-corn-after-corn-production/.

Finley, R. (2020). How to grow, care for, and harvest corn in a home garden.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.masterclass.com.

Fleming, E. (2020). How did tobacco farming change settlement at Jamestown.Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://www.sidmartinbio.org.

Fleming, E. (2021). How did people use the constellations for farming. Retrieved on April 6,2022 from http://www.sidmartinbio.org.

Fleming, E. (2019). What is harvesting in agriculture?Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.sidmartinbio.org.

Foncha  (2019). Using indigenous knowledge in agro-forestry practices: Astrategy for livelihood sustainability, in the Mount Oku Region of Cameroon Retreived on April 4, 2022 from http://www.hillpublisher.com/UpFile/201912/20191225170746.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Qa5AtfHKAUngTnTFPh9KCYuU9Ll3vgZju8xIY5QaiWPsEvKz4V0LrPfk

Formplus Blog (2020). Descriptive research designs: Types, examples & methods. Retrieved on May 3, 2022 from https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research

Garden Profy (2021).What is a garden dibber tool?Retrieved on June 7, 2022. From https://gardenprofy.com/what-is-a-garden-dibber-tool/

Got Questions. 2022. What is prayer? Retrieved on June 18,2022 from https://www.gotquestions.org.

Hastuti, K.P.  &Sumarmi, S. (2018). Traditional rice farming ritual practices of the Banjartribe farmers in South Kalimantan. Atlantis Press, 147: 170-174. 

Heiniger, R., Reisig, D., Place, G., &Goodman, M. (2019).Crop production management - Corn.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-organic-commodities-production-guide/chapter-3-crop-production-management-corn.

Henderson, M. 2021. Why is prayer important for christians? Retrieved on June 18, 2022 from www.crosswalk.com

Hollestelle, H.H. (2016). Time order and “Speaking Out”: Traditional farming and beliefs in Europe and Indonesia and sky symmetry considerations. Journal of Arts & Humanities, 5(9): 53-65.

Hoots, G. (2021). How profitable was/is tobacco?Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://genehoots.substack.com.

Hershberger C. (2019). 13 Farm superstitions for fridaythe 13th. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.hobbyfarms.com/13-farm-superstitions-for-friday-the-13th

Hurley, G. &Tarlton, D. Opinion: Incentivizing small tobacco farmers changes livelihoods.Retrieved on May 04,2022 from https://www.devex.com.

Hussain, A.G., Rouf, A.S.S., Shimul, S.N., Nargis, N., Kessaram, T.M., Huq, S.M., Kaur, J., Siekh, M.K.A., &Drope, J. The economic cost of tobacco farming in Bangladesh.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24):9447. 

Imron, A., Komaruddin M.N.N., Darmawan, E.S., &Illahi, N.A.K. (2020). Socio Cultural study of Temanggung Tobacco farmers in the global trans era.Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, 1: 73-78.

International Wildlife Coalition Trust (2018).Help for farmer’s best friend.Retrieved on July 13, 2022.https://iwct-uk.org/blog/help-for-farmers-best-friend/

Ivvaty, s. &Pudentia, P. (2018).Proceedings of the International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature, and Local Cultural Studies.Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/basa-18.

Jensen, K. (2017). How to soak corn seed before planting. Retrieved on June 9,2022 from gardenguides.com

Joy, T. (2017). How to dry corn on the cob for the next year seeds.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.gardenguides.com.

Kazmi, T., Chaudhry, A.G., Ahmed, A., & Khan, S.E. (2014).Farmerd beliefs about indigenous farming practices and sustainable agricultural development.Department of Anthropology and Sociology, 27(1):51-57.

Kinyua ZM (2017). Interim recommendations for management of fall armyworm in Kenya.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from http://www.kalro.org/arlri/sites/default/files/.

Krco M. (2015). What are constellations used for? (Intermediate). Retrieved on April 6,2022   from http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/117-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/constellations/375-what-are-constellations-used-for-intermediate

Kussmaul (2020).Choosing the right corn seed for your acres.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from https://www.kussmaulseeds.com.

Lencucha R, Reddy SK, Labonte R, et al. (2018).Global tobacco control and economic norms: An analysis of normative commitments in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia.  Retrieved on April 6,2022 fromhttps://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/33/3/420/4833987

Mac.(2012). Tobacco farming.Retrieved on June 9, 2022 from kramyer05.blogspot.com.

Magige, J. (2018). Impacts of tobacco farming on forest cover in Kuria District, Kenya.Retrieved onApril 4, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/project/Impacts-of-Tobacco-farming-on-Forest-Cover-in-Kuria-District-Kenya.

Maglaqui, R. C. (2020), Qualitative treatment. Retrieved on April 9, 2022 from       https://onyxtower.blogspot.com/2020/04/qualitative-treatment.html?m=1.

Magsasaka, J. (2021). Corn production guide: Land prep., planting and cultivation.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from https://www.juanmagsasaka.com.

Mahoney, K. 2019. Why do we pray?Retrieved on June 18, 2022 from learnreligous.com.

Makinde, O. O. (2016). Evaluating Indigenous environmental consciousness with residents of Ogbomosoin Nigeria.Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 9(5): 87-103.

Management Practices Against Fall Armyworm. Retreived on April 4, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

Management, 69: 176–192. DOI: /10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2017.09.002

Matzie T.Q. (2019). Farming 101: how to plant corn.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from https://www.agriculture.com.

Maron, D.F. (2018). The fight to keep tobacco sacred. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-fight-to-keep-tobacco-sacred/

Maximum Yield (2022).What is dibbler?Retrieved on June 7, 2022 from https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/338/dibbler

McConnell, A. (2018). Corn growing 101.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.agriculture.com/crops/com/corn-growing-101

McLeod, J. (2022). The Gardening by The Moon Philosophy. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.farmersalmanac.com/why-garden-by-the-moon.

McLeod, J. (2022). Why do we garden by the moon? Retrieved on April 6,2022 from www.farmersalmanac.com.

Meemken, E.M. &Bellemare, M.F. (2020).Small holder farmers and contract farming in developing countries.PNAS license, 117(1): 259-264.

Milwaukee Public Museum (2022).In Woodland Indian rituals, ceremonies, and religious observances, tobacco is the unifying thread of communication between humans and the spiritual powers.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 fromhttps://www.mpm.edu/content/wirp/ICW-166?fbclid=IwAR3ic__4zuaHSirPAmsiQoAqFvoL7Port5gdWbz5bw2zGGS2drgeH8BZjZQ.

MuseoIlocosNorte. (2015). Thepugon. Retrieved on June 9,2022 from www.museoilocosnorte.com.

My stargarden. (2021). When to harvest corn? The best guide for beginners.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://mystargarden.com.

Narciso, J.O. (2021). Indigenous farming practices in the Philippines: Old ways of doing, new ways of thinking for our food system. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from http://www.foodsystemstories.org

National Museum of the Philippines (2021).Ritual objects. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/ethnology/ritual-objects/.

OECD (2016). Farm management practices to foster green growth. Paris: OECD. Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from   https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/farm-management-practices-to-foster-greengrowth_5js00qp1k97f.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2F9789264238657-en&mimeType=pdf.

Oneida Cultural Heritage Department (2016).Iroquois traditional ceremonies.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://oneida-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IROQUOIS-TRADITIONAL-CEREMONIES-8.17.pdf.

Patel, M.R. &Sheth, S.M. (2019). A review on present scenario of tobacco farming: sorting, grading and baling. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5):664-674.

Pavlis, E. S., Terkenli, T. S., Kristensen, S. B. P., Busck, A. G. and Cosor, G. L. (2016). Patterns of agri-environmental scheme participation in Europe: Indicative trends from selected case studies. Land Use Policy 57: 800–812. DOI: /10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.024.

Permaculture Principles. (2014). Planting by the moon.Retrieved on July 7, 2022 from https://permacultureprinciples.com/post/planting-by-the-moon/

Philippine Competition Commission.(2021). Issues paper on corn industry in the Philippines.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.phcc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PCC-Issues-Paper-2021-01-Issues-Paper-on-Corn-Industry-in-the-Philippines.pdf.

Pillay, R. (2019). Ethnomethodology.Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social             Sciences.doi:10.1007

Pleasant, B. (2020).Seed priming tips for vegetable gardeners. Retrieved on June 9,2022 from www.growveg.com.

Poindexter, J. (2022). Growing corn: Varieties, planting guide, care, problems and harvest.Retrieved on April 3, 2022 from https://morningchores.com.

Pot, S. (2019). Gardening by the moon- when to plant based on moon phases.Retrived on June 8 2022 from https://www.springpot.com/how-to-garden-by-the-moon/

Radium Engineering (2016).The weirdest farming superstitions and customs.Retrieved on April 06, 2022 from https://radium.wza.

Rosmann, M. (2019). Core beliefs are essential, especially to farmers. Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from www.agupdate.com.

Runtiko, A.G., Haryadi, F.T., &Witjaksono, R. (2019).The sustainability of tobacco agribusiness in Temanggung District, Indonesia: The perspective of young-adult family members of farmers in three tobacco center villages. Journal of Sustainable Development, 12.DOI:10.5539/jsd.v12n3p184.

Saavoss, M., CApehart, T., McBridge, W., &Effland, A. (2021).Trends in production practices and costs of the U.S. Corn Sector.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/101722/err-294.pdf?v=2482.5&fbclid=IwAR25kw7GIYBlZgcSUtFLtBaanAD_rOmHvRchsUB_v0zd-_-qUud1OHdOORM.

Sahadewo, G.A., Drope J., &Witoelar, F. (2020). The economics of tobacco farming in Indonesia: Results from two waves of a farm-level survey.Economic Research Informing Tobacco Control Policy, 1-58.

Sailer, L.The importance of corn. Retrieved on May 04,2022 from https://www.lathamseeds.com.

Sanderson, M.R., Bergtold, J.S., Stamm, J.L.H., Caldas, M.M. &Aistrup J. (2018).SpringerLink, 150: 259-272. DOI: /10.1007/s10584-018-2283-2

Sanglestsawai, S., Rodriguez, D.G.P., Rejesus, R.M. &Yorobe, J.M. Jr., (2017). Production risk, welfare, and bt corn in the Philippines. Cambridge University Press, 46(3).

Sindelar, A.J. (2017). Corn growth & development.Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/crop-production/corn/corn-growth-and-development.html.

Singh, J. &Maganti, R. (2018).Injuries to farmers.Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from the https://www.hindubusinessline.com.

Skope (2020).How and why people consume tobacco.Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://www.skopemag.com.

Smith, J. & Fang J. (2020). If you kill tobacco, you kill Malawi: Structural barrier to   tobacco diversification for sustainable development. Retrieved on April 2, 2022 fromhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2106

Sok, J., Hogeveen, H., Elbers, A. R. W. and Oude Lansink, A. G. J. M. (2016).Using farmers’ attitude and social pressures to design voluntary Bluetongue vaccination strategies.Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 133: 114–119.      

StartupBiz Global.(2022). How to start tobacco farming business.Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://www.startupbizglobal.com.

Syukur, L.O. (2019). Prominent process of DefembulaKahitelaritual practice byMuna Ethnic in Barangka District.International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (UELS). 4(2): 525-528. 

Tagalog Lang (2021).Corn- farming ritual on Leyte Island in the Philippines. Retrieved on April 6,2022 from https://www.tagalog.com/cornfarming-ritual/

The Grow Network. (2021). Planting by the Moon: 7 tips for success. Retrieved on June 7, 2022 from https://thegrownetwork.com/planting-by-the-moon/

Thomas, G. (2019). Maize from sacred to profane.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from            https://digitalworks.union.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3381&context=theses.

Tian, Y., Guan, B., Zhou, D., Yu, J., Li, G., & Lou, Y. (2014). Responses of seed germination, seedling growth, seed yields traits to seed pretreatment to maize (Zea mays L.) The Scientific World Journal, 2014:1-8.

Tobacco Free Life Organization. (2016). Smoking and agriculture: The toll of tobacco farmers and the planet. Retrieved on April 2, 2022 from https://www.tobaccofreelife.org.

Tribal Trade(2021).Native tobacco- traditional uses of tobacco sacred medicine.Retrieved on April 5, 2022 from https://us.tribaltradeco.com/blogs/teachings/native-tobacco-traditional-uses-of-tobacco-sacred-medicine.

Trujillo-Barrera, A., Pennings, J. M. E. and Hofenk, D. (2016).Understandingproducers’ motives for adopting sustainable practices: The role of expected rewards, risk perception and risk tolerance. European Review of Agricultural Economics 43(3): 359–382.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2021). What is a wetland? Retrieved on June 8, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/what-wetland

Westerink, J., Jongeneel, R. A., Polman, N., Prager, K., Franks, J. R., Dupraz, P., &Mettepenningen, E. (2017). Collaborative governance arrangements to deliver spatially coordinated. Agri-Environmental Wheatley, G. K. (2020).Traditional Tobacco in Culture and Ceremonies, Everyday Wellness.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://iswo.ca/traditional-tobacco/.

White, M. (2021). Farming by the moon. Retrieved on June 7, 2022 from lmanac.com/content/farming-moon?fbclid=IwAR0dsdsPgKR4OLy1hhtFxLxDjCobdgd9nG0uDoAXapVhATsGnTMpj0d61rg#:~:text=The%20New%20Moon%20and%20first,%2C%20grafting%20trees%2C%20and%20transplanting

Wigington, P. (2019). The magical history of corn.Retrieved on April 6, 2022 from https://www.learn.religions.com/corn-legends-myths-and-folklore-2561469

Witchwood, L. (2020). The magickal aspects of corn.Retrieved on April 6,2022 from https://www.themagickkitxhen.com.

Wright, D. (2020). Corn planting date and starter fertilizer recommendations.Retrieved on April 4, 2022 from https://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu.

Xu, J., Meng, J., &Quackenbush, L. (2019).Use of remote sensing to predict the optimal harvest date of corn.Elsevier, 236:1-13.