Sexist Languages on the Facebook Page Threads of Philippines' Most Followed Female Social Media Influencer

Sexist Languages on the Facebook Page Threads of Philippines' Most Followed Female Social Media Influencer
Febeleen R. Rivera and Dexter A. Adriatico
Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
ISSN: 2961-3035 I Volume 1 I Issue 1 I June 2022
Abstract
This study was undertakento uncover the sexist languages on the Facebook Page threads of the Philippines' most followed female social media influencer- Ivana Alawi, including their linguistic and non- linguistic features. The identification of sexist languages was framed on Mill (2008)'s sexist language typology, while the framework of Herring, et al (2017) and Schneebeli (2018) were adopted to determine the linguistic and the non-linguistic features of these sexist comments. The researchers considered 20 posts on Ivana Alawi's Facebook page in 2019, 2020 and 2021. A total of 1500 comments were collected but only 175 comments exhibited sexist languages. The study revealed five types of overt sexism namely, surnames and titles, jokes, naming, semantic derogation, insult terms, and proverbs. As to indirect sexism, only humor, and presupposition were observed. Meanwhile, prominent linguistic features included punctuation marks, and interjections, non-standard capitalization, reduplicated letters, and acronyms. On the other hand, emoji, photographic images and stickers were the identified non-linguistic features of sexist comments. The study concluded that the comment sections of Ivana Alawi's Facebook page contain sexist languages which exhibited certain linguistic and non-linguistic features. The study recommended that gender-fair language should be utilized in the social media sphere and on the classroom. Moreover, future researchers are encouraged to explore other social media platforms, speeches and other materials to compare results of this study.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56901/VLUC5863
References
Arquilla, E., et al. (2021. What is sexism. Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-sexism
Baird, J. (2019). Normalizing sexism. Retrieved from https://jonathanpbaird.com/2019/07/06/normalizing-sexism-posted-7-6-2019/
Bhandari, P. (2022). What is qualitative research. Scribbr. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research.
Caleffi, P. (2015). The hastag, a new word or new rule?. Semantic Scholar. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-%27hashtag%27%3A-A-new-word-or-a-new- rule Caleffi/e145a608baa9d89fd26ce4614a8d5c85fca08f4a
Chen, R.(2019). The sexiest emojis, according to science. Chatelaine. Retrieved from https://www.chatelaine.com/health/sex-and-relationships/sexiest-emoji/
Coles, G. (2020). Humans are social animal. LinkedIn. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/humans-social-animal-george-coles
Collins Dictionary. (2022). Definition of lady. Collins. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lady
Cormack, M. (2021). Being sexually harassed made me hat having big boobs. Cosmopolitan. Retrieved from https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/a35873430/sexual-harassment- body-confidence boobs/?fbclid=IwAR0loImuHN-FMtgjmViLGCkoECgWEO7z7H44s0W4OdndPV6oIXx1gpAlAbc
Creswell, J. (2012). Reasearch design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Retrieved from https://www.chatelaine.com/health/sex-and-relationships/sexiest-emoji/
Crystal, D. 2001. Language and the internet. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-and-the-internet/25A063BB182BF1582C6876B83DDCEE7A -
Darweesh, A., Abdullah, NM. (2016). A critical doscourse analysis of donald trump's sexist ideology. Eric. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1118939
Digital Marketing Institute. (2021). Social media: what countries use it most and what are they using? Retrieved from: https://digitalmarketinginstitute.com/blog/social-media-what-countries-use-it-most-and-what-are-they-using
Digital Accessibility. (2022). Use images and media to enhance understanding. Harvard University. Retrieved from https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/use-images-and-media-enhance-understanding
Dino, C., Gustalo, L. (2015). Digitalk: an exploration of the linguistic features of cmc. Academia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/26532572/Digitalk_An_Exploration_of_the_Linguistic_Feature s_of_CMC?fbclid=IwAR26FbRbvofEPezaacOy_- 4rhHUkMeUNZri0zHBNyZIYcqRwzQUbYI6uPV4
Emoji Dictionary. (2018). Sweat droplets emoji. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/e/emoji/sweat-droplets-emoji/
Garcia, M.(2021). We are not born submissive. De gruyter. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691212623/html?lang=en&fbclid=IwAR0w518XQ2mPItfSHx40tEdKsS5X6yIwQJ21AvVwdEmUW5C0muwHMxpLJBg
Geek Feminism Wiki. (N.D). (Objectification. Retrieved from https://geekfeminism.anarchaserver.org/wiki/Objectification.html
Felmlee, D., et al. (2019). Sexist slur: reinforcing female stereotypes online. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-73859-001?fbclid=IwAR2MUYzl-YsWeaBMg5XO9ZUwOSYiem-0vaK5FgAXB7r2ZBx_poWnG6sNHd8
Gonzales,G. (2021). The 10 biggest youtuber. Retrieved from subscribers/?fbclid=IwAR3bPv_EUK7tK8OWpSQrkRhvHIyf4lvE_vfWscG9YH06xwAq6HCrWnoNPFo
Heredia, C. (2021). I’m a latina, please stop calling me spicy. Huffpost Personal. Retrieved from: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/latina-hispanic-heritage- stereotype_n_614b65cce4b0017183445117
Herring, S., et al. A (2017). Nice picture comment. ScholarSpace. Retrieved fromhttps://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/41419?fbclid=IwAR3Ku0pBfOYjfpGZQ_PoF8HHYv-Nz8Ou6f2LH_OMNgF_y2KGN27SDG6Wg_4
Kangas, A (2014). Gender and media. GSDRC. Retrieved from: https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/gender.pdf?fbclid=IwAR19QOMgOG9EJn8GyIiOdybFjCUStichJDKywTr2SNWm7nvel0yKFxWv
Kellie, D. (2019). What drives female objectification? National Library of Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707629/?fbclid=IwAR2v2G9JUVLvrvp6fSeTyCqg8SdWA0SpASJwwngCXAHrf6bGgaf42VQFg
Lakoff, R. (1990). Language and gender.Retrievedfrom https://benjamins.com/online/hop/articles/gen4?fbclid=IwAR0bD9-AAyF4XVd0e-7fhyvl8m0nVqoRNDboWqhripAy_2njj5hUhd-Wu6w
Littman, G. (2018). Ms, Mrs or Miss? Blogs. Letemps. Retrieved from: https://blogs.letemps.ch/garry-littman/2018/10/28/ms-mrs-or-miss/
Loresto-Abonita, A., et al. (2022). Code alteration and multimodality in facebook interaction among high school students. Retrieved from https://uijrt.com/paper/code-alternation-multimodalityfacebook-interaction-among-high-schoolstudents?fbclid=IwAR0Mm8ipGxZRDMNAIX59rJ3-a4UQGo5vo525mbkCFcBBnUtCH5o-suqxE
Lutkevich, B. (2021). Social media. WahtIs.com. Retrieved from: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/social-media
Mahmud, Y., Destiny, I. (2020). A multimodal discursive analysis of the communicative elements of sexism in facebook pictures uploads. IJSSHR. Retrieved from https://ijsshr.in/v3i5/2.php?fbclid=IwAR0bYcgiXFYRjdtpBn0b3Ln8cdPazNF0u7ml5AIZv5pMSDI0LxUpcqE5mg
Menegatti, M., Rubini M., (2017). Gender bias and sexism in language. Communication. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e470#:~:text=Language%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20powerful%20means,reflected%20in%20the%20lexical%20choices%20of%20everyday%20communication.
Merkel, E., et al. (2012). Shielding women against status loss. Sage Journals. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0261927X12446599?fbclid=IwAR3WnXGVcijhThMsfZH49l5RC8jEVWWIdzuKqgteceUdESfjdu45GWzE-Ks
Merelli, A. (2015). Gentlemen, here is how not to mansplain feminism to women. Quartz. Retrieved from https://qz.com/482219/gentlemen-here-is-how-not-to-mansplain-f eminism-to-women/
Mills, S. (2008). Language and sexism. Researchgate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288723623_Language_and_Sexim
Mills, S. (1995). Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315795331.ch21?fbclid=IwAR3tR7g_upFLljD4kgor9YWryu63mfOjt_ro0srSLxGyK7Z5OT4oVzK5lCI#:~:text=Feminist%20stylistics%20can%20be%20defined,in%20the%20stylistics%20tool%2Dkit
Newman, O. (2019). What is a social media influencer. Giraffe Social Media. Retrievedd from: https://www.giraffesocialmedia.co.uk/what-is-a-social-media-influencer/?fbclid=IwAR1p7WIY- gtA98yTo_X2txVtwnAxZ9g0pMzVjO4x33Idy120Le89u3DRhDI
Oxford Dictionary. Insult. Retrieved from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/insult_1?fbclid=IwAR2N6 I19Mus4a5ojgB_x1pFHAvW4Ep9veMZRUTx0KHyZuZ3KyYGLHRpVMUw#:~:text=%2F %CB%88%C9%AAns%CA%8Clt%2F- ,%2F%CB%88%C9%AAns%CA%8Clt%2F,in%20order%20to%20offend%20somebody
Peluchette, J. Karl, K. (2009). Examining students' intended image on facebook: what were they thinking? Researchgate. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247524259_Examining_Students'_Intended_Image_on_Facebook_What_Were_They_Thinking
Plieger, T., et al. (2021). The association between sexism, self-evaluation, and the evaluation of sexy photos on instagram. Pubmed. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512476/?fbclid=IwAR2N6I19Mus4a5ojgB_x1pFHAvW 4Ep9veMZRUTx0KHyZuZ3KyYGLHRpVMUw
Pratama, H. (2018). Identifying sexist language in youtube comment sections. Researchgate. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324273940_IDENTIFYING_SEXIST_LANGUA GE_ON_YOUTUBE_COMMENT_SECTION
Provine, R. (2007). Emotional expression online. Journal of Language and Psychology. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0261927X06303481?fbclid=IwAR33vcOjthcBnQBpa0scZriYIUW_7pDeljs4OuD8tpkS_0mcK1yidFcOUA&
Rahmani, S. (2020). Women's experiences of internalized sexism. Digital Commons. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/diss/451/?fbclid=IwAR3r_rcRK6Eyo- X1TRiRv2Nt4TMJdJ7B1LN5MSv80-VhACDEVBiPmgV4Zu8
Rahayu, BS., et al. (2015). The use of sexist language in dagelan account on instagram. Retrieved from https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/jalu/article/view/6668?fbclid=IwAR21cOBUeqspmB5dC8D0jwsGZMQE5wqCC5_O8K9_Finf7fE8l_ZG67RzhOQ
Ridgeway, C. et al. (2004). Unpacking the gender systems theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Researchgate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237472415_Unpacking_the_Gender_SystemA_Theoretical_Perspective_on_Gender_Beliefs_and_Social_Relations
Rios, C. (2015). Calling grown women as 'girls' is sexist as hell. Retrieved from: https://everydayfeminism.com/2015/06/grown-women-are-not-girls/
Shariatmadari, D. (2016). Eight words that reveal sexism at the hear of the english lanuage. Retrieved from https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/27/eight-words- sexism-heart-english-language?fbclid=IwAR1PMMZuGXcFn60_nk5sNco0IG_qz4FU- lmTmxTy-_ic6v9qb-aoyzSDINQ
Schneebeli, (2018). Coding emotions in computer-mediated communication. Researchgate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329830430_Coding_emotions_in_computer-mediated_communication_the_example_of_YouTube_comments
Sinocrope, G. (2021). The term miss is sexist. The Central Trend. Retrieved from: https://thecentraltrend.com/110728/opinion/the-term-miss-is-sexist-and- demeaning/?fbclid=IwAR2PdtEelB2bd-ShTBpQT- CBtU4nqIZ_1uDMrJywSFKPY2Yxh2CdbwyPDRA
Statista. (2022). Leading social media sites in the united states as of february 2022, based on visits. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks- ranked-by-number-of-users/
Susanto, B. (2018). The evolution of communication and why stickers matter. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/07/31/the-evolution-of- communication-and-why-stickers-matter/?sh=1dd31142b2f1
Tahir, R., et al. (2021). A critical discourse analysis of sexist ideology of pakistani politicians. Retrieved from https://rjls.su.edu.pk/uploads/journals/Article_03.pdf
Tandon, A. (2021). Ananya pandey talks about it. shethepeople. Retrieved from: https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/opinion/five-things-women-with-small-breast-are-tiredofhearing/
Tang, Y. et al. (2021). M: A multiple-case study. Sage Journals. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813211017707?fbclid=IwAR1Dz 5K8B3tBIpXQA_2ajS9q5FE_hPwHRTOltWOQ4iUZzQ4QqR9YsGQlqUg
Toynbee, B. (2015). Misogyny runs deep in the society that it is even used on abused children. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/07/misogyny-society-abused-children-predatory
Trotta, J. (2011). Image-based online communication. Academia. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/9712705/Image_based_Online_Communication_Observation s_on_the_Status_of_Images_as_Linguistic_Constituents_in_Computer_mediated_Com munication?fbclid=IwAR1121yhyR9gAIXboGgTM7n- 04DIc3CWbHLkDLxwXJtG2FyQTPw9A_S58uI
UNICEF. (2015). Gender equality. Rettrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/rosa/what-we- do/gender-equality
Urban Dictionary. (2007).Retrieved from: https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=spicy
Vahtera, I. (2018). But these days, it's as if our punctuation is on steroids: punctuation techniques in cmc language. Semantic Scholar. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%22But-these-days%2C-it%27s-as-if-our-punctuation-is-on-%3A-Vahtera/dad4a822c2f4a8c8de0d871aa043929ad8203dfa
Valenti, J.(2009). The purity myth: How America’s obsession with virginity is hurting young women. GoodReads. Retrieved from: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4914761- the-purity-myth
Wolfe, L. (2019). When should you use miss, mrs and ms? thelancecareers. Retrieved from: https://www.thebalancecareers.com/when-to-use-miss-mrs-or-ms-3514830
Woman's Media Center. (2022). For names for peope. Retrieved from: https://womensmediacenter.com/unspinning-the-spin/food-names-for-people?fbclid=IwAR3MFw0bjSiRDzIcVsKCmIMXiPSUw4JQS9OHJE6HSnl7fLjHBKT8C8 sAs60
Zava, S. (2022). Sexually suggestive emojis. Retrieved from https://www.zavamed.com/uk/suggestive-emojis.html